糖尿病：认识血糖与日常管理

Original source overview

What is diabetes?Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose is your body's main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but it also comes from the food you eat. Insulin is a hormone made by your pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells, where it can be used for energy.

If you have diabetes, your body can't make insulin, can't use insulin as well as it should, or both. Too much glucose stays in your blood and doesn't reach your cells. This can cause glucose levels to get too high. Over time, high blood glucose levels can lead to serious health conditions. But you can take steps to manage your diabetes and try to prevent these health problems.

What are the types of diabetes?There are different types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes. If you have type 1 diabetes, your body makes little or no insulin. It happens when your immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. • Type 2 diabetes. This is the most common form of diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body may still be able to make insulin, but your cells don't respond well to insulin. They can't easily take up enough glucose from your blood. • Gestational diabetes. This is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It happens when your body can't make the extra insulin it needs during pregnancy.

What causes diabetes?The different types of diabetes have different causes:

• Researchers think type 1 diabetes is caused by genes and factors in the environment that might trigger the disease. • Type 2 diabetes is caused by several factors, including lifestyle factors and genes. The lifestyle factors include not being physically active and being overweight or having obesity. • Researchers think gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with genetic and lifestyle factors.

Who is more likely to develop diabetes?The different types of diabetes have different risk factors:

• You can develop type 1 diabetes at any age, but it most often starts in childhood. Having a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes may increase your chance of developing it. • You are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes if you: • Are overweight or have obesity. • Are over age 35. Children, teenagers, and younger adults can get diabetes, but it is more common in middle-aged and older adults. • Have a family history of diabetes. • Have prediabetes. This means that your blood glucose is higher than normal, but it's not high enough to be called diabetes. • Had gestational diabetes. • Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more. • Are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander. • Are not physically active. • Have certain other health conditions, such as high blood pressure or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

• You are at higher risk of developing gestational diabetes if you: • Are overweight or have obesity. • Have a family history of diabetes. • Had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy. • Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more. • Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). • Are African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?The symptoms of diabetes may include:

• Feeling very thirsty • Feeling very hungry • Urinating (peeing) more often, including at night • Fatigue • Blurry vision • Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands • Sores that do not heal • Losing weight without trying

But it's important to know that your symptoms may vary, depending on which type you have:

• The symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually come on quickly and can be severe. • With type 2 diabetes, the symptoms often develop slowly, over several years. The symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them. • Gestational diabetes often has no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may be mild. If you are pregnant, you will usually be screened for this condition between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.

How is diabetes diagnosed?To find out if you have diabetes, your health care provider will use one or more glucose blood tests. There are several types, including the A1C test.

What are the treatments for diabetes?Treatment for diabetes involves managing your blood glucose levels:

• If you have type 1 diabetes, you will need to take daily doses of insulin, either by injection or through a special pump. Some people also need to take another type of diabetes medicine that works with insulin. • If you have type 2 diabetes, you may be able to manage or even reverse it by making lifestyle changes. These include eating a healthy diet, staying at healthy weight, and getting regular physical activity. Some people also need to take diabetes medicines to manage their diabetes. • If you have gestational diabetes, you may be able to lower your glucose levels by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise. But be sure to talk to your provider about your treatment options. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you give birth. But you will have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.

Checking your blood glucose levels is also an important part of managing your diabetes. Ask your provider about the best way to check your blood glucose level and how often you should check it.

Can diabetes be prevented?Type 1 diabetes can't be prevented.

You may be able to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes through the same lifestyle changes that are used to manage diabetes (eating a healthy diet, staying at a healthy weight, and getting regular physical activity). These lifestyle changes may also help prevent gestational diabetes.

NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Encyclopedic background — Wikipedia

The following selected excerpts provide background on “Diabetes”. The scope here is Diabetes; it does not establish an individual diagnosis or treatment plan. They are not a substitute for the source overview or current local clinical guidance. Each excerpt below comes from the fixed Wikipedia revision [W1].

Definition and overview [W1]

Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Diabetes tends to progress in severity, and is due to either a reduced production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas or unresponsiveness of bodily cells to insulin's effects. Classic symptoms include the three Ps: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia (excessive hunger), together with weight loss and blurred vision. If left untreated, the disease can lead to many health complications, including disorders of the cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, and nerves.

The major types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. The most common type is type 2. The most common treatment for type 1 is insulin replacement therapy (insulin injections), while anti-diabetic medications (such as metformin and semaglutide or tirzepatide) and lifestyle modifications can be used to manage type 2. Gestational diabetes, a form that sometimes arises during pregnancy, normally resolves shortly after delivery. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks the beta cells (β-cell) in the pancreas, preventing the production of insulin. This condition typically is present from birth or develops early in life. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin and thus glucose remains in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by the cells. Additionally, diabetes can result from other specific causes, such as genetic conditions (monogenic diabetes syndromes like neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young), diseases affecting the pancreas (such as pancreatitis), or the use of certain medications and chemicals (such as glucocorticoids or other specific drugs, including those used after organ transplantation).

Signs and symptoms [W1]

Common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, and unexplained weight loss. Several other non-specific signs and symptoms may also occur, including fatigue, blurred vision, sweet smelling urine/semen and genital itchiness due to Candida infection. About half of affected individuals may also be asymptomatic. Type 1 presents abruptly following a pre-clinical phase, while type 2 has a more insidious onset; patients may remain asymptomatic for many years.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency that occurs most commonly in type 1, but may also occur in type 2 if it has been longstanding or if the individual has significant β-cell dysfunction. Excessive production of ketone bodies leads to signs and symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, the smell of acetone in the breath, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases decreased level of consciousness. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is another emergency characterized by dehydration secondary to severe hyperglycemia, with resultant hypernatremia leading to an altered mental state and possibly coma.

Types [W1]

Hybrid forms of diabetes(including slowly evolving, immune-mediated diabetes of adults and ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes)

Diabetes is a more variable disease than once thought, and individuals may have a combination of forms.

Pathophysiology [W1]

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the IGF-1. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors play a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.

The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and gluconeogenesis, the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body. Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.

Reading this topic in context

Use “Diabetes” as a starting point for a focused discussion, rather than treating every statement in the broader encyclopedia article as applying to you. The original source overview and the background excerpts answer different questions: the overview explains the health topic for readers, while the encyclopedia supplies terminology and general context. Keep a record of which questions concern symptoms, a confirmed diagnosis, prevention, or an existing treatment. This helps a healthcare professional address the relevant issue without relying on an internet label.

Questions to take to a professional

1. Which type of diabetes is being considered and how is it confirmed?

2. What monitoring, education and follow-up plan should I arrange?

Evidence, scope and next steps

The health-topic overview is attributed to MedlinePlus / the National Library of Medicine at the original topic link below. Wikipedia [W1] is a secondary background source; its references can support further reading, but their presence is not evidence that WellPrimer has independently reviewed every study. No clinical review, guideline certification or NLM endorsement is claimed. For screening intervals, diagnostic thresholds, pregnancy or child-specific advice and treatment choices, check current guidance in your country with a qualified professional. Do not start, stop or change a prescribed medicine based on encyclopedia excerpts. New or worsening symptoms need appropriate clinical assessment rather than more reading alone.

Attribution and reuse

[W1] Wikipedia contributors, “Diabetes”. Version 1378703532, edited 2026-10-05. Retrieved 2026-10-16. Fixed revision: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&oldid=1378703532. Contributor history: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diabetes&action=history. License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ .

The MedlinePlus health-topic summary retains its original attribution. Wikipedia excerpts and the added compilation/commentary are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0; selections, section ordering and editorial reading prompts have been added. No images are reused. This is an educational compilation, not a clinician-reviewed guideline.