抑郁症：认识症状与支持方式

Original source overview

What is depression?Depression is more than a feeling of being sad or irritable for a few days. It's a serious mood disorder. As one of the most common mental disorders in the United States, depression can affect how you think, feel, and your everyday life. You may not know why you feel this way, but even basic daily activities such as sleeping, eating, or working may become difficult. Depression often needs long-term treatment but getting help at the earliest sign of a problem can help manage your symptoms.

What are the different types of depression?The most common types of depression are major depression and persistent depressive disorder.

• Major depression symptoms include a depressed mood or a loss of interest. Symptoms affect your daily activities and last for at least two weeks. • Persistent depressive disorder (also called dysthymia or dysthymic disorder) has less severe depressive symptoms, but they last longer, usually for at least two years.

Other types of depression can include:

• Seasonal affective disorder comes and goes with the seasons. It usually starts in late fall and early winter and goes away during the spring and summer. • Bipolar disorder is sometimes called manic depression. This mood disorder can cause intense mood swings. • Depression with symptoms of psychosis is a severe form of depression that also has delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (seeing, hearing, or feeling something that isn't there).

What causes depression?There are a variety of things that may cause depression, including genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Depression can happen at any age and can affect anyone, but it's more common in women. This is often due to the physical and hormonal changes that women have during menstruation, pregnancy, the postpartum period, and menopause. Other mental disorders or chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, cancer, or heart disease may occur with depression. This may make the chronic condition or depression worse.

In some cases, there is no clear cause for depression.

Who is at risk of depression?You may be at a higher risk of depression if you have a close relative who has it or another mental health disorder. Going through trauma or stressful life events may raise your risk even more.

What are the symptoms of depression?Depression doesn't look the same on everyone. The type and number of symptoms of depression can vary and don't always appear like sadness. Depression may affect you differently based on your:

• Age. The symptoms of depression may be different in a child, who may appear more irritable than sad. Teens may act out or have excessive sleepiness. The symptoms for an older adult may not be as obvious as other age groups. • Sex. Men often show symptoms and coping behaviors differently than women. Rather than sad, men may appear angry or irritable. • Medical conditions. Some medicines and medical conditions may cause symptoms that look like depression. Chronic conditions may make depression worse.

Symptoms of depression are ongoing and affect your day-to-day life. They can include:

• Feeling sad or "empty" • Losing interest in favorite activities • Overeating, or not wanting to eat at all • Sleeping too much, or not enough • Feeling very tired • Feeling hopeless, irritable, anxious, or guilty • Having aches and pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems • Having thoughts of death or suicide • Changing moods or behaviors • Increasing use of alcohol or drugs • Isolating from family and friends

How is depression diagnosed?If you think you have depression, talk to your health care provider or a mental health provider. To be diagnosed with depression, your provider may use many tools:

• A medical history will include asking about your symptoms and family history. To be diagnosed with depression, your symptoms must occur most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. One of the symptoms must be a depressed mood or a loss of interest in most activities. • Medical tests may be done to rule out other medical conditions. Certain medicines and medical conditions (such as viruses or thyroid disorders) may cause symptoms like depression. • A physical exam to make sure another issue isn't causing your symptoms. • A mental health evaluation by your provider or a mental health provider.

What are the treatments for depression?Depression may need long-term treatment. Most treatments include medicines and/or psychotherapy (talk therapy):

• Medicines such as antidepressants may help control your symptoms. You may need to try several medicines to find which works best for you. Medicine may take time to work and can have side effects. Don't stop taking your medicine without first talking with your provider. Contact your provider if you have any concerns about side effects from the medicine. • Psychotherapy (talk therapy) under the care of a mental health provider can help you recognize and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. This may be done one-on-one or in a group setting. It can give you and your family support, education, skills, and coping strategies. • Light therapy has been shown to be effective for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). • Other treatments options may be considered if treatment isn't working or if depression is severe. These may include:

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a brain stimulation procedure that uses a mild electric current when you are under general anesthesia. ECT is most often used for severe depression that is not getting better with other treatments. • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a brain stimulation procedure that uses magnetic waves to relieve depression. It's not as powerful as ECT, but with rTMS, you don't need anesthesia. It also has a low risk of negative effects on your memory and thinking.

Can depression be prevented?Most cases of depression can't be prevented, but healthy lifestyle changes can have long-term benefits for your mental health. These can include:

• Getting regular exercise • Having a consistent sleep schedule • Controlling stress

If you, or someone you love is depressed, see your provider or a mental health provider. It's important to get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem.

If you or someone you know has thoughts of hurting themselves or attempting suicide, get help right away. If it is an emergency, dial 911.

NIH: National Institute of Mental Health

Encyclopedic background — Wikipedia

The following selected excerpts provide background on “Major depressive disorder”. This related background source does not cover every aspect of the specific topic “Depression”; population-specific details and decisions should be checked in the original topic source. They are not a substitute for the source overview or current local clinical guidance. Each excerpt below comes from the fixed Wikipedia revision [W1].

Definition and overview [W1]

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), and has become widely used since. The disorder causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's experiences, and behavior reported by family or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but blood testing and similar may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s. Men are much less likely to report than women, with approximately 33.2% of men and 43.0% of women with depressive symptoms reporting seeking help, possibly due to pressures of masking for men. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent episodes.

Those with major depressive disorder are typically treated with psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. While a mainstay of treatment, the clinical efficacy of antidepressants is controversial. Hospitalization (which may be involuntary) may be necessary in cases with associated self-neglect or a significant risk of harm to self or others.

Signs and symptoms [W1]

A person facing a major depressive episode may have feelings of hopelessness and self-hatred, and may also experience suicidal ideation and thoughts of self-harm. In many cases, this manifests as a complete loss of emotional reactivity, a neurological protection response known as emotional blunting or anhedonia. Approximately 50% of individuals with MDD report these symptoms. Furthermore MDD frequently co-occurs with complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD), particularly in cases involving long term trauma.

A depressed person may report multiple physical symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, or digestive problems; physical complaints are the most common presenting problem in developing countries, according to the World Health Organization's criteria for depression. Appetite often decreases, resulting in weight loss, although increased appetite and weight gain occasionally occur.

Pathophysiology [W1]

The pathophysiology of depression is not completely understood, but current theories center around monoaminergic systems, the circadian rhythm, immunological dysfunction, HPA-axis dysfunction, and structural or functional abnormalities of emotional circuits.

HPA-axis abnormalities have been suggested in depression given the association of CRHR1 with depression and the increased frequency of dexamethasone test non-suppression in people who are depressed. However, this abnormality is not adequate as a diagnosis tool because its sensitivity is only 44%. These stress-related abnormalities are thought to be the cause of hippocampal volume reductions seen in people who are depressed. Furthermore, a meta-analysis yielded decreased dexamethasone suppression, and increased response to psychological stressors. Further abnormal results have been obscured with the cortisol awakening response, with increased response being associated with depression.

Reading this topic in context

Use “Depression” as a starting point for a focused discussion, rather than treating every statement in the broader encyclopedia article as applying to you. The original source overview and the background excerpts answer different questions: the overview explains the health topic for readers, while the encyclopedia supplies terminology and general context. Keep a record of which questions concern symptoms, a confirmed diagnosis, prevention, or an existing treatment. This helps a healthcare professional address the relevant issue without relying on an internet label.

Questions to take to a professional

1. How do symptom duration, function and safety affect my assessment?

2. What treatment and follow-up plan should I agree with my clinician?

Evidence, scope and next steps

The health-topic overview is attributed to MedlinePlus / the National Library of Medicine at the original topic link below. Wikipedia [W1] is a secondary background source; its references can support further reading, but their presence is not evidence that WellPrimer has independently reviewed every study. No clinical review, guideline certification or NLM endorsement is claimed. For screening intervals, diagnostic thresholds, pregnancy or child-specific advice and treatment choices, check current guidance in your country with a qualified professional. Do not start, stop or change a prescribed medicine based on encyclopedia excerpts. New or worsening symptoms need appropriate clinical assessment rather than more reading alone.

Attribution and reuse

[W1] Wikipedia contributors, “Major depressive disorder”. Version 1375960536, edited 2026-09-21. Retrieved 2026-10-16. Fixed revision: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_depressive_disorder&oldid=1375960536. Contributor history: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_depressive_disorder&action=history. License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ .

The MedlinePlus health-topic summary retains its original attribution. Wikipedia excerpts and the added compilation/commentary are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0; selections, section ordering and editorial reading prompts have been added. No images are reused. This is an educational compilation, not a clinician-reviewed guideline.